MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Radiata Pine, cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel (60mm, 80mm, 100mm, 120mm, 140mm, 160mm, 200mm, 280mm)

Cross-Laminated Timber
composite › Timber-Based Composite › Cross-Laminated Timber
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ATLAS CODE
COM-TBC-CLT-001
Radiata Pine, cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel (60mm, 80mm, 100mm, 120mm, 140mm, 160mm, 200mm, 280mm)
Category composite
Material Family Timber-Based Composite
Regulatory Status Combustible (AS 1530.1) / EN 13501-1: D-s2,d0
Density
500 kg/m3
Carbon (A1-A5)
-492 kg CO2-eq/m3
Fire Class
Combustible (AS 1530.1) / EN 13501-1: D-s2,d0
Lifespan
50-100+ (internal protected); 25-50 (external with H3 + coatings) years
Description

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are structural mass-timber elements manufactured by bonding layers of radiata pine boards at alternating 90-degree angles using structural adhesives (MDI or PUR). The cross-lamination creates a bi-directional panel with high stiffness, dimensional stability, and predictable structural performance for walls, floors, and roofs. XLam Australia (Wodonga, VIC) is the dominant domestic manufacturer, producing panels from 60 mm to 280 mm thickness in widths up to 2.95 m and lengths up to 13.5 m. CLT enables rapid, precision-prefabricated construction with reduced wet trades and lower site waste than conventional concrete or steel framing.

Primary Sectors
[Residential]
Typical Uses
  • Structural floor slabs
  • Load-bearing wall panels
  • Roof deck and diaphragm
  • Hybrid CLT-concrete composite floors
  • External wall cladding substrate
  • Exposed architectural ceiling and soffit
  • Stair cores and lift shafts
  • Acoustic feature panels and baffles
  • Residential framing (single and two storey)
  • Prefabricated modular pods
Recycled Content 0
Renewable Content 98-99
Recyclability 70-85
Embodied Carbon -492 kg CO2-eq/m3
Embodied Energy 700-900 (fossil, non-renewable primary energy) MJ/m3
EPD Available Yes
295013500mm
Standard Widths [Up to 2950] mm
Standard Lengths [Up to 13500] mm
Advantages
Carbon-negative embodied carbon stores biogenic CO2 for building lifetimeRapid prefabricated construction — 20–30% faster structure than concrete equivalentLightweight (500 kg/m³) reduces foundation loads and seismic massExcellent dimensional stability across both panel axesPredictable fire performance through sacrificial charring at 0.65 mm/minBiophilic exposed timber improves occupant wellbeing and satisfactionDry construction reduces wet trades and site wasteHigh structural efficiency: good strength-to-weight ratioRenewable resource from certified plantation forests (FSC/PEFC)NCC-compliant to 25 m height (8 storeys) under DTS pathway
Cautions
Combustible — requires careful fire engineering and may need encapsulationMoisture sensitive — panels must be protected on site during constructionHigher material cost than concrete slab or steel deck equivalentsLimited domestic manufacturing capacity creates potential supply constraintsAcoustic flanking paths through rigid CLT connections require careful detailingProprietary connection systems add design complexityRequires structural engineer experienced in timber design (AS 1720.1)Perceived fire risk can create insurance or occupier concernsFormaldehyde from adhesives requires MDI/PUR specification and ventilationEnd-of-life reuse is logistically challenging despite theoretical recyclability
TECHNICAL DATA: PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES COM-TBC-CLT-001
Density (Dry) 500 kg/m3
Specific Gravity 0.5
Porosity 40-50 %
Water Absorption Hygroscopic — equilibrates to ambient RH % by weight
Hardness 2200 Janka
Surface Roughness 1-15 μm Ra
UV Resistance Low (uncoated) / Good (with UV-stabilising coating)
Chemical Resistance Moderate — resistant to dilute acids, susceptible to strong alkalis and concentrated mineral acids
pH Tolerance 4.5-5.5 pH
Available Colors
Natural radiata pine — pale cream to light brownWhite oil finish — brightened pale tonesDark hardwax oil — amber to mid-brownCharred / shou sugi ban — black to deep charcoal (for non-structural external cladding applications only)Paint-primed — accepts any paint system
Surface Finishes
Unfinished (for concealed structural use)Hard wax oil (Rubio Monocoat, Osmo, or equivalent) — standard internal exposed finishPenetrating UV stabiliser (external and sun-exposed internal)Water-based polyurethane — higher abrasion resistance for floorsIntumescent coating — fire retardant for NCC compliance where requiredMicroporous exterior stain — breathable external coating
Texture Options
Planed industrial (standard) — smooth, slight mill marks, Ra 5–15 μmFine sanded architectural — smooth, Ra 1–5 μm, ready for oil or wax finishSawn rough — exposed saw marks for rustic aestheticWire brushed — accentuated grain texture
Pattern Options
Natural grain — standard planed face with visible growth rings and knot characterCNC routed grooves — decorative surface patterning for acoustic or visual effectPerforated CLT — laser or CNC-cut perforations for acoustic absorptionSandblasted texture — highlighting grain contrast for feature elements
Compressive Strength 25 (parallel to grain) / 5.5 (perpendicular to grain) MPa
Tensile Strength 16 (parallel to grain, F8 characteristic) MPa
Flexural Strength 30 (F8 characteristic, major axis) MPa
Shear Strength In-plane: 3.5-5.0; Rolling shear: 1.0-1.5 MPa
Elastic Modulus 9.5-11.0 (major axis, E0,mean) GPa
Yield Strength N/A — use characteristic bending strength MPa
Impact Resistance Impact sound Ln,w ~75-80 dB bare; 48-55 dB with floating floor system J/m²
Bearing Capacity 5.5 (perpendicular to grain, F8 grade) MPa
Poisson's Ratio 0.43-0.51
Creep Resistance Moderate — creep is a design consideration for long-span CLT floors; kdef = 0.8 (SC1)
Abrasion Resistance Moderate — requires protective coating for floor applications
Thermal Conductivity 0.12 W/mK
Thermal Resistance 0.50-2.33 (60-280mm at 12% MC) m²K/W
Specific Heat Capacity 1600 J/kgK
Thermal Expansion 4-5 ×10⁻⁶/K
Melting Point N/A °C
Ignition Temperature 250-300 (piloted); 450-500 (auto-ignition) °C
Sound Transmission Class (STC) 37 (bare 160mm panel) / 52-58 (with composite system) dB (Rw)
Noise Reduction Coeff. (NRC) 0.05-0.10 (bare) NRC
Optical
Light Transmittance N/A %
Light Reflectance (LRV) 40-55 (natural) LRV %
Solar Reflectance (SRI) N/A

Cross-laminated timber was developed in Austria and Germany in the early 1990s, pioneered by researchers at the Technical University of Graz and manufacturers including Stora Enso and Binderholz. The first CLT buildings in central Europe date from approximately 1995–1998. European adoption was driven by a combination of abundant softwood supply, strong engineered-timber manufacturing traditions, and favourable building codes. Australia's adoption lagged Europe by approximately 15 years due to a smaller softwood manufacturing base, less established engineered-timber supply chains, and building codes that historically restricted combustible construction above 3 storeys. The critical regulatory shift occurred with NCC 2016 amendments to the Building Code of Australia, which introduced a Deemed-to-Satisfy pathway permitting timber-framed or mass-timber construction in Class 2–9 buildings up to 25 m effective height (approximately 8 storeys), subject to sprinkler protection and specific encapsulation provisions. XLam Australia established its Wodonga (VIC) manufacturing facility around 2012–2014, becoming the primary domestic CLT supplier and reducing import lead times and costs substantially. Prior to this, projects imported panels from XLam New Zealand or European manufacturers. The period 2014–2020 saw a cluster of landmark Australian mass timber projects that demonstrated CLT's viability: Library at the Dock in Melbourne (2014), International House Sydney (2017), and 25 King Brisbane (2018) attracted sustained industry and regulatory attention. The Australian Timber Development Association (ATDA) and WoodSolutions (Forest and Wood Products Australia) played key roles in disseminating technical guidance and advocating for code reform. NCC 2022 further refined the performance pathway for taller timber buildings, and several projects above 8 storeys are in design or construction as of 2025 using Performance Solutions, pointing to continued growth in Australian mass timber construction.

SAFETY, ECOLOGY & INSTALLATION COM-TBC-CLT-001
Flame Spread Index 7-9 (AS 1530.3 Spread of Flame Index) FSI
Smoke Developed Index 3-5 SDI
Combustibility Class Combustible (AS 1530.1) / EN 13501-1: D-s2,d0
Ignition Temperature 250-300 (piloted); 450-500 (auto-ignition) °C
Fire Resistance Rating 30/30/30 to 120/120/120 depending on thickness and loading minutes
Heat Release Rate 100-200 (cone calorimeter, 50 kW/m² irradiance) kW/m²
Toxicity of Combustion Low-Moderate — primary combustion products CO and CO2, lower toxicity than most synthetic materials
Embodied Carbon (A1-A3) -492 kg CO2-eq/m3
Embodied Energy 700-900 (fossil, non-renewable primary energy) MJ/m3
Water Footprint 200-500 L/m³
EPD Available Yes — XLam Australia Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) available; EPD registration through EPD Australasia. Also: Stora Enso CLT EPD (European), Binderholz CLT EPD.
Recycled Content 0%
Renewable Content 98%
LEED Points Up to 4-5 (LEED v4 across multiple credits) points
Circular Economy Score 7 /10
VOC Emissions <10 (formaldehyde); <100 (total VOC) μg/m³
Skill Level Specialist — licensed structural carpenter with CLT installation training; licensed crane operator
Crew Size 5-6 people
Installation Time 200-400 m²/day (4-person crew, mobile crane) m²/day
Curing Time N/A hours
Setting Time 2-3 days per floor (500m² typical floor plate) hours/floor
Temperature Range 0 to 40 °C
Humidity Range 40-70% RH target; protect from >80% RH % RH
Required Tools
Mobile or tower crane (minimum 40T capacity, project specific) for panel liftingCircular saw with carbide-tipped blade (180–235 mm) for site cuttingJigsaw or reciprocating saw for penetrations and notchesDrill/driver with SDS bits for connection bolts and self-tapping screwsTorque wrench for structural bolt tightening to specificationLevels, plumb bobs, and laser level for panel alignmentLifting slings (rated, certificated), shackles, and spreader beamTimber vacuum lifter for horizontal panel placementTemporary props and knee braces for stability during erectionPPE: fall arrest harness, hard hat, safety boots, hearing and eye protection
Certifications Required
Licensed structural builder or carpenter (state-specific licence)Crane operation licence (CO) — applicable crane classDogman/rigging certificate (DG or RI)Working at heights training and certificationCLT-specific installation training (XLam/ATDA recommended)Structural connection inspection by qualified structural engineer at key stages
Weather Limitations
No installation in sustained winds exceeding 30 km/h (panel sway risk during crane lifts)Protect exposed panels from rain with temporary waterproof wrapping within 24 hours of erectionDo not install in active rainfall — wet panel surfaces reduce friction at connectionsAvoid prolonged sun exposure of unwrapped panels before building is weather-sealed (surface checking risk)Winter installation below 0°C: inspect for ice on panel surfaces; use cold-weather procedures for epoxy groutsEnsure drainage away from panel stacks during on-site storage
COMMERCIAL, LOGISTICS & REGULATORY COM-TBC-CLT-001
Material Cost 800-1200 AUD/m³
Installation Cost 180-350 AUD/m²
Annual Maintenance 0.50-1.00 (internal exposed); 5-15 (external) AUD/m²/year
Lifecycle Cost (50yr) Comparable to concrete over 50-year life when programme savings included AUD/m²
Market Availability Good (metro eastern seaboard) / Limited (remote Australia)
Lead Time 6-12 (domestic XLam); 16-24 (European import) weeks
Supply & Logistics
MOQ No strict minimum; full truck loads most economical (~20-30 m³)
Design Life 50-100+ (internal protected); 25-50 (external with H3 + coatings) years
Maintenance Interval 3-5 (internal floors); 2-3 (external coatings) years
Service Temp Range -20 to +50 (ambient service) °C
Freeze/Thaw Resistance Good (dry) / Poor (saturated and exposed)
Dimensional Stability 0.20-0.25 (thickness); 0.01-0.02 (longitudinal) % per 1% MC change

DISCLAIMER: This specification document is generated from the CLAD Materials Atlas Database. Information is for general guidance only and does not constitute professional engineering advice. Values are typical and may vary by batch, manufacturer, and production run. Verify suitability for specific project applications independently.

ID: COM-TBC-CLT-001 Schema: v3.0