MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Earth Plaster System

Earth/Clay
mineral › Clay-Based › Earth/Clay
mineralclayearthplasterrendernatural-buildinglow-carbonzero-vocbreathablehygroscopichumidity-regulationnon-toxicrecyclablecircular-economyheritageaustralian-manufactured
ATLAS CODE
MIN-CLY-ETH-003
Earth Plaster System
Category mineral
Material Family Clay-Based
Regulatory Status A2
Density
1400-1900 kg/m3
Carbon (A1-A5)
0.01-0.06 kg CO2-eq/kg
Fire Class
A2
Lifespan
30-100+ years
Description

Earth plaster is a natural clay-based wall finishing system composed of clay, sand, and fibre (typically straw or animal hair), applied as a render or interior plaster to masonry, timber-frame, straw-bale, and earthen substrates. Earth plasters are among the oldest building finishes in human history, used continuously for millennia across every inhabited continent. Unlike cement renders, clay plasters remain hygroscopic and vapour-permeable after application, actively regulating indoor humidity by absorbing and releasing moisture. They cure by drying rather than chemical reaction, meaning they can be reworked, repaired, or recycled simply by re-wetting. Modern commercially prepared clay plasters are available pre-mixed with consistent aggregate grading and natural pigments, offering architects a low-carbon, non-toxic interior and exterior finishing option that meets contemporary performance expectations while maintaining traditional material qualities.

Typical Uses
  • Interior wall finishing
  • Natural building render
  • Heritage conservation
  • Health-conscious interiors
  • Humidity-regulating finish
Recycled Content 0-100
Renewable Content 5-15
Recyclability 100
Embodied Carbon 0.01-0.06 kg CO2-eq/kg
Embodied Energy 0.1-0.5 MJ/kg
EPD Available No
Advantages
Excellent indoor humidity regulation through hygroscopic moisture bufferingExtremely low embodied carbon - among lowest of any interior finishZero VOC emissions and completely non-toxic compositionFully recyclable and reusable - can be re-wetted and reappliedBreathable and vapour-permeable preventing moisture entrapment in wallsNaturally beautiful aesthetic with wide range of earth-tone coloursLow energy manufacturing - requires only blending not firing or chemical processingCompatible with all earthen and natural building substrates
Cautions
Vulnerable to sustained water exposure and erosion without protective detailingLower abrasion and impact resistance than cement-based rendersRequires specialist skills for high-quality decorative finishesDrying shrinkage can cause cracking if mix proportions or application technique are poorNot suitable for wet areas (bathrooms, kitchens) without waterproof backingLimited NCC deemed-to-satisfy provisions requiring performance-based assessment
TECHNICAL DATA: PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES MIN-CLY-ETH-003
Density (Dry) 1400-1900 kg/m3
Specific Gravity 1.4-1.9
Porosity 25-45 %
Water Absorption 8-25 %
Hardness 1.5-2.5 Mohs
Surface Roughness 50-500 um
UV Resistance Good
Chemical Resistance Poor
pH Tolerance 6.5-8.5 pH
Available Colors
Natural earth tones (ochre, sienna, umber)White/cream (kaolin-based)Terracotta/red (iron-oxide rich clays)Grey/charcoal (manganese-rich clays)Gold/yellow (limonite clays)Custom colours via natural mineral pigments
Surface Finishes
Raw/matte (natural dried surface)Burnished/polished (compressed with trowel)Oiled (linseed oil for water resistance)Waxed (beeswax or carnauba for sheen)Lime-washed (breathable surface coating)Tadelakt (polished with olive oil soap for waterproofing)
Texture Options
Ultra-smooth (fine clay finish coat)Sandy/granularRough/rustic (base coat exposed)Medium trowelledSponge-floated
Pattern Options
Smooth polished (tadelakt-style)Fine sand textureRustic trowel marksStraw-textured (exposed fibre)Layered/burnishedScored or combed patterns
Compressive Strength 1.0-5.0 MPa
Tensile Strength 0.05-0.20 MPa
Flexural Strength 0.2-0.8 MPa
Shear Strength 0.05-0.15 MPa
Elastic Modulus 0.5-2.0 GPa
Yield Strength N/A MPa
Impact Resistance Low J
Bearing Capacity N/A kPa
Poisson's Ratio 0.15-0.25
Creep Resistance Moderate
Abrasion Resistance Low to moderate
Thermal Conductivity 0.50-0.95 W/mK
Thermal Resistance 0.03-0.04 m2K/W
Specific Heat Capacity 800-1000 J/kgK
Thermal Expansion 0.005-0.008 mm/m/degC
Melting Point >1200 degC
Ignition Temperature >800 degC
Sound Transmission Class (STC) Not independently rated
Noise Reduction Coeff. (NRC) 0.05-0.10
Sound Absorption (α) 0.05-0.10
Optical
Light Transmittance 0 %
Light Reflectance (LRV) 15-70 %
Solar Reflectance (SRI) 20-65
Electrical
Electrical Conductivity Insulating (dry) S/m

Earth plaster is arguably the oldest surface finish in architecture, with evidence of clay renders on wattle-and-daub structures dating back over 6000 years in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. In Africa, decorative earth plasters have been used for millennia with techniques passed through generations. Traditional Japanese tsuchikabe (earth wall) construction developed sophisticated multi-coat clay plaster systems over centuries. In Europe, clay plasters were standard interior finishes through the medieval period before being displaced by lime and later gypsum plasters during industrialisation. The 20th century natural building revival, beginning in the 1970s, brought renewed interest in earth plasters. In Australia, the publication of HB 195-2002 (The Australian Earth Building Handbook) provided formal guidance. Today, commercial clay plaster products from companies like Clayworks (UK), American Clay, Tierrafino (Netherlands), and Claywise (Australia) have made earth plasters accessible to mainstream construction, with consistent quality, colour ranges, and documented performance data.

SAFETY, ECOLOGY & INSTALLATION MIN-CLY-ETH-003
Flame Spread Index 0
Smoke Developed Index <50
Combustibility Class A2
Ignition Temperature >800 degC
Fire Resistance Rating 30-60 minutes
Heat Release Rate <10 kW/m2
Toxicity of Combustion Very Low
Embodied Carbon (A1-A3) 0.01-0.06 kg CO2-eq/kg
Embodied Energy 0.1-0.5 MJ/kg
Water Footprint 0.5-2.0 L/kg
EPD Available No
Recycled Content 100%
Renewable Content 100%
LEED Points 2-5 points
Circular Economy Score 9.5 /10
VOC Emissions 0 ug/m3
VOC Content 0 g/L
Skill Level Moderate to High
Crew Size 2-4 persons
Installation Time 0.5-1.5 hours/m2
Curing Time 48-168 hours
Setting Time 12-48 hours
Temperature Range 5-35 degC
Humidity Range 30-70 %RH
Required Tools
Plastering trowel (stainless steel preferred)Hawk or mortar boardMixing drill with paddle attachmentSpray bottle for re-wetting between coatsSponge float for finishingBuckets and mixing vesselsStraight edge or darby for levelling
Certifications Required
No mandatory Australian certification for earth plasteringHB 195-2002 The Australian Earth Building Handbook provides guidanceNatural Building Australia training courses recommendedGeneral plastering trade certificate useful but not specifically earth-plaster focused
Weather Limitations
Must not be applied in rain or to wet substratesAvoid application below 5 degC - freezing during drying causes failureDirect sun on fresh plaster can cause rapid surface drying and crackingExterior applications require protection from rain for minimum 48 hours after application
COMMERCIAL, LOGISTICS & REGULATORY MIN-CLY-ETH-003
Material Cost 15-60 AUD/m2
Installation Cost 40-120 AUD/m2
Annual Maintenance 0.50-3.00 AUD/m2/year
Lifecycle Cost (50yr) 50-200 AUD/m2
Market Availability Limited-Moderate
Lead Time 3-14 days
Supply & Logistics
Shelf Life Indefinite months
Design Life 30-100+ years
Warranty Period 2-5 years
Maintenance Interval 3-10 years
Service Temp Range -20 to 1200 degC
Freeze/Thaw Resistance 10-30 cycles
Dimensional Stability 1.0-5.0 mm/m
Certifications Held
DIN 18947 (German earth plaster standard - most comprehensive available)Product-specific testing by individual manufacturersGreen Star credits for low-VOC finishes and regional materialsLiving Building Challenge compliant (all-natural composition)WELL Building Standard v2 - contributes to Air Quality and Materials featuresSuitable for Declare Living Building Challenge red list freeNo harmful substances per REACH regulation
Fire Code Compliance
Not explicitly listed in NCC deemed-to-satisfy fire resistance tablesPerformance-based assessment required under NCC for fire rating claimsClay plaster on timber substrate tested to provide 30-60 min fire protection (Liblik & Just 2021)Euroclass A2-s1,d0 classification achievable for clay plaster products
Standards Compliance
HB 195-2002 The Australian Earth Building HandbookNCC Volume 1 and 2 - performance-based pathway for earth constructionAS 1530.1 Combustibility test - clay plaster passes as non-combustibleABCB Protocol for Lightweight Construction (applicable to earth plaster on timber frame)ASTM E2392 Standard Guide for Design of Earthen Wall Building SystemsEN 998-1 Specification for mortar for masonry - rendering/plasteringDIN 18947 Earth plasters - terms and definitions, requirements, test methods (German standard widely referenced)

DISCLAIMER: This specification document is generated from the CLAD Materials Atlas Database. Information is for general guidance only and does not constitute professional engineering advice. Values are typical and may vary by batch, manufacturer, and production run. Verify suitability for specific project applications independently.

ID: MIN-CLY-ETH-003 Schema: v3.0